Single trails saarland

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Palatinate Forest - Wikipedia

The Palatinate Forest German : Pfälzerwald [ˈpfɛltsɐvalt] listensometimes also called the Palatine Forestis a low-mountain region in southwestern Germanylocated in the Palatinate in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The forest is a designated nature park German : Naturpark Pfälzerwald covering 1, km 2 and its highest elevation is the Kalmit Together with the northern part of the adjacent Vosges Mountains in France it forms the UNESCO single trails saarland Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.

The Palatinate Forest, together with the Vosges south of the French border, from which it has no morphological separation, is part of a single central upland region of about 8, km 2 in area, single trails saarland, that runs from the Börrstadt Basin a line from Winnweiler via Börrstadt and Göllheim to the Burgundian Gate on the line Belfort — Ronchamp — Lure and which forms the western boundary of the Upper Rhine Plain.

This landscape forms, in turn, single trails saarland, the eastern part of the very extensive eastern scarplands of France, which, on German soil, take in large parts of the Palatinate and the Saarland. g on the Donnersberg and younger strata muschelkalke.

the Westrich Plateau. The low mountain range of the Palatinate Forest is continued northward by the extensive hilly landscape of the North Single trails saarland Uplands Nordpfälzer Berglandwhose highest point is the volcanic Donnersberg m.

In the south it is continued by the northern part of the Vosges Mountains in France. The eastern end of the forest Haardt is adjacent to the Palatinate wine growing region, single trails saarland. Here the German Wine Route stretches through the undulating area that lies between the Palatinate Forest and the Upper Rhine valley. The hill country between the Haardt mountains and the Upper Rhine Plain, where Palatine wine is grown, is known as the Weinstraße. The German Wine Road runs through this area.

West of Kaiserslautern is the marshy lowland of Landstuhl. Hardenburg Castle near Bad Dürkheim. Lake EiswoogRamsen. James' Church, ruins of Höningen Abbey The countryside near Eisenberg. The Haardtthe boundary with the wine growing region. The region is much appreciated by single trails saarland. The Hochstein sandstone rocks near Dahn are a destination for rock climbers.

The Teufelstisch "devil's table" near Hinterweidenthal, single trails saarland. The Palatinate Forest is a major 3rd level natural region within the Palatine-Saarland Scarplands a 2nd order major region and runs south as far as the Col de Savernei.

far into French territory, where it continues as the Vosges ridge. This often goes unrecognized as a result of the French border; hence the French southern part of the natural region is often, wrongly, counted as part of the North Vosges.

The important subdivisions of these bunter single trails saarland mountains were drawn up in the s and s in the Handbook of the Natural Region Divisions of Germany andmap sheets by the German Federal Institute for Regional Studies. Despite that, some deviation in the names used by the handbook has prevailed, single trails saarland. The most important subordinate landscapes are listed with the aid of a map; the map only showing the names of well-known landscapes and only the more significant landscape boundaries.

The name Pfälzerwald was first used in - when the Palatinate was part of the Kingdom of Bavaria - by foresters in the centrally-located municipality of Johanniskreuzwho used it to refer to the woods of the bunter sandstone region of the Palatinate. Its use was extended when, inthe Palatinate Forest Club Pfälzerwald-Verein or PWV was founded, [9] Fritz Claus, one of the pioneers of the PWV, in particular, strove to promote the name.

Prior tothere was no overall name for the Palatine's bunter sandstone mountains [12] Historical territorial factors, rather than geographical ones, single trails saarland, governed perceptions at the time. By contrast, the Celts and Romans viewed the entire mountain range west of the Rhine as a single unit, making no distinction between different parts of the region that, today, is the Palatinate Forest and the Vosges.

The range was named after the Celtic forest god Vosegus and is single trails saarland in many Roman manuscripts as "silva vosegus" or "mons vosegus". So while the term Wasgen continued, for a long time, to refer to the entire range on the west bank of the Rhine, at the beginning of the 20th century, single trails saarland, it gradually became restricted to the Alsatian part of the sandstone mountains, whilst the term Pfälzerwald "Palatinate Forest" became increasingly used to refer to the Palatine part.

This led to the Palatinate Forest and Vosges being defined as separate and distinct landscapes. However, in recent decades, in the context of European integration the Schengen Agreementthere has been an increasing trend to regard the entire mountain complex as a single geographical entity again. Whilst there are traces of human activities in the more habitable regions of what is now the Palatinate, taking place since the Neolithic period 5, BCand especially in Celtic to 10 BC and Roman 10 BC to AD times, the mountains on the west bank of the Rhine were practically uninhabited and covered by dense, ancient forest single trails saarland the end of the Migration Period about AD.

After the Frankish conquests in the Early Middle Ages 7th to 10th century took them to the edges of today's Palatinate Forest, there was increasing population pressure in the Middle Ages 10th to 13th centuryespecially through the initiatives of the nobility and the churche. through the establishment of monasteries such as the Cistercian abbeys of Otterberg and Eußerthalthe colonization and development of the mountains, single trails saarland.

Areas that could be used for agriculture were cleared and settled permanently. This development reached its peak in the region during the era of the Salian 10thth centuries and Hohenstaufen 12th and 13th century emperors, with the construction of Trifels Castle and other castles in the surrounding area that, for a time, made it the centre of power of the empire. This development took place in the Late Middle Ages 13th to 15th centuries and Early Modern Period 16th to 18th centurybecause disease e.

The Plague and famine led to a significant decline in population and the total number of settlements fell single trails saarland leaving abandoned villagesas a result of wars and economic circumstances.

Thus, during the colonization of the mountains, areas were often cleared that, because of the nutrient-poor sandy soils, were unsuitable for farming and had to be abandoned after a short period because of overuse and overexploitation. Also, the use of the forest to obtain firewood and timber did not follow the principles of sustainability. On the one hand, the production of straw foliage as bedding for cattle and wood pasture damaged the soils and forests; on the other hand the manufacture of ironglass and potashwhich needed a single trails saarland of wood, led for centuries to the overuse and destruction of the forest and thus to the further impoverishment of the population.

Occupations that the forest single trails saarland supported, such as lumberjackscharcoal burnersraftersresin burners pitch boilers and ash burners, supported only a meagre existence. After large population losses during the Thirty Years' Warthe population was initially restored and stabilized in the late 17th century, initially as a result of settler migration from the Tyrol and Swabia and the settlement of Single trails saarland and Mennonite religious refugees from Switzerland, France and the Netherlands.

From then to the end of the 18th century, the population expanded as a result of the better design of farms such as the Frankish house and the expansion of villages clustered village or Haufendörfer.

This development, however, meant that the resources of the mountains were rapidly exhausted and over-population and poverty, in particular in the 19th century, led to increased emigration to the New World, single trails saarland.

Apart from the modest level of iron extraction and processing, work in the single trails saarland and the operation of paper millssingle trails saarland, the shoemaking industry in the region Pirmasens was the only real source of income. This meant that the railway in the second half of the 19th century the Ludwig Railway and Landau—Zweibrücken line brought some improvement in the situation, because it became possible to commute to towns outside the Palatinate Forest and seek employment in one of the emerging industries e.

BASF at Ludwigshafen outside the region. In the 20th century, the general economic structural changes in Germany also affected the region of the Palatinate Forest, which was increasingly integrated into the overall economic and transport systems. Secluded forest farming villages became municipalities with a service character through the building of infrastructure e.

public transportand, in many cases, the villagers now no longer worked locally, but in more distant regional centres, single trails saarland, such as Ludwigshafen and Kaiserslautern.

By contrast local industries in the mountains became rarer or were closed, as can be seen in the example of the footwear industry. Since its heyday in the s and s, globalization has seen the relocation of shoe production abroad, resulting in the almost total collapse of the industry, reinforced especially in the s and s by increasing unemployment and induced migration trends.

At the same time, the forested highlands has gained increasing importance in the second half of the twentieth century as a place for recreation and leisure activities of special ecological status.

This is reflected in various touristic concepts and activities to offer the native population additional work and income opportunities and to assist in counteracting the structural changes described above. Whereas the Palatinate Forest was earlier seen mainly as a source of raw materials and energy supply, today, in addition to its recreation and leisure function, its ecological importance as a "special protected landscape" has come to the forefront.

This change in attitude found visible expression, inter alia, through the establishment of the Palatinate Forest Nature Park and, later the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve. The Palatinate Forest Nature Single trails saarland was created in as the third nature park in Germany. In accordance with the requirements of the originator single trails saarland the nature park concept, Alfred Toepferthe Palatinate Forest was to be single trails saarland place of recreation and exercise for the stressed office workers of the cities in the Rhine valley which were then suffering badly from air pollution.

The nature park expansion programme envisaged 95 car parks, 13 camp sites, seven observation towers and five open-air pools, single trails saarland.

In fact, 62 woodland car parks were created in the first seven years as well as benches and as many waste bins, single trails saarland. A total of km of walking routes were added or created and 45 signed circular walks laid out. The management of the nature park took over the Palatinate Forest Club PWV. The 20 open shelters, built for walkers in log house style, were named "Fischer Huts" after the Managing Director of the Palatinate Forest Club, Ludwig Fischer.

In the mids, the PWV came to the conclusion that the work required could not be done by volunteers and handed the management of the nature park to the Palatinate provincial government.

Bysingle trails saarland, 3. Around the expansion of recreational facilities was viewed as complete and attention single trails saarland to the care of biotopes and the landscape in the centre.

Increasingly there was also a desire to replace the many coniferous monoculturesplanted as a result of war, wartime reparations and times of crisis, with species rich site-specific mixed forests.

On 20 July the Palatinate Forest Nature Park Association Verein Naturpark Pfälzerwald was founded as a support organization. The members of the association are those counties and independent towns whose territories are covered by the nature park as well as the Palatinate regional association, various rambling and sports clubs and environmental organizations. Many social organisations are involved in the work of the nature park, single trails saarland, ensuring the independence of academic and regional individual interests.

The association's goal is to develop the nature park and its eponymous biosphere reserve equally and to maintain its uniqueness and beauty as well as its national recreational value. Sincethe head office of the association has been in Lambrecht. The Palatinate Forest Nature Park was recognized in by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve. In it became the German part of the first cross-border UNESCO biosphere reserve, namely the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.

These are areas that have a special significance for the global conservation of biological diversity and in which the ecological aspects, sustainable economic management, single trails saarland, environmental education and environmental research are best linked together. Inthe state of Rhineland -Palatinate issued an ordinance by which the UNESCO guidelines for the design of biosphere reserves would be implemented specifically for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park.

The "quiet zones" Stillezonen also covered in the law are intended to single trails saarland a "recreation in the stillness", but are not part of the UNESCO guidelines for biosphere reserves. The concept originates rather from the old protected area regulation for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park and therefore overlaps with the other three zones. Core, buffer and transition zones are representatively distributed over the area of the biosphere reserve. As part of this, some 16 core zones were defined, together covering about 2.

The Palatinate Forest is primarily characterised by a block of bunter sandstone and its underlying formations of Zechstein. The tectonically formed bedding of these rock types and their subsequent erosion led to the topography of this low mountain range that we see today. In the Permian geological period about million years single trails saarland the first sandstone formations, some metres thick, were deposited in the area of today's Palatinate Forest; in particular, the rock units of the Rotliegendes and the Zechstein about million years ago are important, single trails saarland.

At the beginning of the Germanic Triassici. from the Lower to the beginning of the Middle Triassic, single trails saarland, there was about million years ago a desert-like climate, so that as a result of further single trails saarland of sand, rock layers of up to metres thickness were formed. This led inter aliathrough the addition of iron oxide, to a variable colouration of the rock strata - hence the name "bunter" sandstone bunter being German for "coloured" - and, depending on the type and binding of the material, clay-bound sandstone as opposed to silicified quartz sandstone to the formation of rock layers of different hardness.

This resulted in the subgroups of lower, middle and upper bunter sandstone. These bunter sandstone formations were buried by various types of sediments in the adjacent sections of muschelkalk million years ago and keuper million years agoand also during the Jurassic million years ago and Cretaceous million years ago.

At the beginning of the Palaeogene period of the Cenozoic era 66 to At the apex of the arch so formed, there were considerable tensile stresses, so that the rock layers were stretched and about 35 million years ago, deep cracks and depressions in the earth's crust occurred passive rifting.

These processes, which continue today, have had four important implications for the present landscape of the low mountain region:. In the later Paleogene 34 to In particular, it was the weathering and removal processes that occurred during the various cold and warm periods that determined the final topographical shape of the Palatinate Forest.

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